Corrigendum: Sensor-based precision nutrient and irrigation management enhances the physiological performance, water productivity, and yield of soybean under system of crop intensification.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1282217.].

Efficacy of different respiratory supports to prevent hypoxia during flexible bronchoscopy in patients of COPD: a triple-arm, randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease (COPD) undergo bronchoscopy for various reasons, and are at relatively higher risk of complications. This study evaluated the efficacy of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and high-flow-oxygen-therapy (HFOT) compared with conventional-oxygen-therapy (COT) in patients with COPD undergoing bronchoscopy, to prevent hypoxia. METHODS: It was a triple-arm, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Ninety patients with COPD were randomly assigned into three intervention arms in 1:1:1 ratio. The incidence of hypoxia, lowest recorded oxygen saturation measured by plethysmography (SpO2), ECG, patient vitals and comfort levels were assessed. RESULTS: Mean age of the study population was 61.71±7.5 years. Out of 90 cases enrolled, 51, 34 and 5 were moderate, severe and very-severe COPD, respectively, as per GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) classification. Rest of the baseline characteristics were similar. SpO2 during flexible bronchoscopy (FB) was lowest in COT group (COT: 87.03±5.7% vs HFOT: 95.57±5.0% vs NIV: 97.40±1.6%, p<0.001). Secondary objectives were similar except respiratory-rate (breaths-per-minute) which was highest in COT group (COT: 20.23±3.1 vs HFOT: 18.57±4.1 vs NIV: 16.80±1.9, p<0.001). Whereas post FB partial of oxygen in arterial blood was highest in NIV group (NIV: 84.27±21.6 mm Hg vs HFOT: 69.03±13.6 mm Hg vs COT: 69.30±11.9 mm Hg, p<0.001). Post FB partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood was similar in the three arms. Operator's ease-of-performing-procedure was least in the NIV group as assessed with Visual Analogue Scale (p<0.01). A higher number of NIV group participants reported nasal pain as compared with the other two arms (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: NIV and HFOT are superior to COT in preventing hypoxia during bronchoscopy, but NIV is associated with poor patient-tolerance and inferior operator's ease of doing procedure. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CTRI/2021/03/032190.

Role of Janus Kinase inhibitors in the management of pulmonary involvement due to Long COVID-19 disease: A case control study.

OBJECTIVES: Ongoing symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (OSC) is defined as persistent symptoms beyond 4 weeks of acute illness. OSC leads to prolonged hospitalization and oxygen dependence. We aimed to find the outcome of Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) as a steroid-sparing agent to treat OSC. METHODS: In this single-center case-controlled study comparing JAKi and corticosteroids in OSC cases, data of 41 cases out of 86 were included - 21 in the JAKi group and 20 in the corticosteroid group from 4 weeks of acute illness to the next 4 weeks. Clinical parameters and inflammatory markers were recorded. The primary outcome was to compare the proportion of patients who were able to maintain oxygen saturation ≥95% with any oxygen supplementation in the two groups. RESULTS: The baseline clinical and demographic characteristics were similar in the two groups. The age was 53.65 ± 9.8 years and 51.48 ± 14.0 years in the corticosteroid group and JAKi group, respectively. At the baseline, 85% of patients in the corticosteroid group and 85.8% in the JAKi group were on oxygen support. The most common symptom in both groups was breathlessness followed by cough. Twenty percent of patients in the JAKi group received baricitinib and the remaining were given tofacitinib. At the time of follow-up, the majority of cases had a significant reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer; however, the change in CRP and D-dimer was similar in both groups. The number of patients off oxygen support at 4 weeks was higher in the JAKi group (85% in the corticosteroid group vs. 95.2% in the JAKi group, P = 0.269), and the median time to liberation from oxygen support was significantly lower in JAKi group (19 days in corticosteroid group vs. 9 days in JAKi group, P < 0.001). The frequency of any adverse event was also higher in the corticosteroid group (70% vs. 23.8%, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: JAKi can be used as immunomodulatory drugs in hypoxic OSC cases having evidence of ongoing inflammation.

Comparison of Clinical and Functional Outcomes after Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection and Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of de Quervain's Tenosynovitis.

Background Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has local anti-inflammatory actions, which is being used as a treatment in various tendinopathies. Purpose The aim of the study is to compare the clinical results of PRP injection and corticosteroid injection in the management of de Quervain's tenosynovitis (DQTSV). Patients and Methods In this prospective study, 60 patients of DQTSV, fulfilling the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, were randomised into two groups. In group 1 ( n = 30), patients received a single injection of autologous PRP and in group 2 ( n = 30) they received a single injection of corticosteroid (methylprednisolone). All patients were followed up at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year for evaluation by Finkelstein test, visual analogue scale (VAS), DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) score, and Modified Mayo Wrist score (MMWS). Results In both the groups improvement occurred in Finkelstein test, VAS score, DASH score, and MMWS which were found to be statistically significant at all points of follow-ups when compared to the pre-intervention values. Comparison of scores between the two groups did not show any statistical significance. No complications were reported in PRP group. Statistically significant complications ( p -value = 0.026) like subcutaneous fat atrophy, depigmentation, and temporary increase in pain were seen in eight patients in the corticosteroid group with an overall complication rate of 26.67%. Conclusion Both the modalities are equally effective in the management of DQTSV remittance. PRP is equally effective as corticosteroid in reducing symptoms of first dorsal compartment stenosing tenosynovitis. PRP may have a lower complication profile, however, this benefit should be weighed against the slight increase in cost and time of PRP preparation and injection. Level of Evidence Level 2, prospective comparative study.

Experimental testing of solar-based air heater roughed with discrete V-down rib and staggered element.

A rough rectangular channel of solar-based air heater (SBAH) is made and tested. The work consists of an effort to perceive the proportion of heat discharge and frictional behavior of air passing over a roughened rectangular channel. The absorber surface of SBAH is roughed with discrete V-down rib and staggered element roughness having different values of relative rib pitch (P/e) that ranged from 6 to 14. Fixed parameters such as relative gap size (g/e), relative staggered element pitch (P'/P), numeral of gaps (Ng), relative staggered element size (r/g), and relative rib height (e/D) are considered 4, 0.4, 3,1, and 0.0433, respectively, all throughout the study. The flow Reynolds number (Re) changes from 4000 to 14,000; consequently the Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f) reach up to 2.16 and 2.73 times, respectively, with respect to plane surface. The optimum rise in terms of thermal-hydraulic performance (THP) is gained analogous to a P/e of 10. The correlation for heat transfer function, R(e+), and roughness function, G(e+), is given to anticipate the performance of roughness.

Sensor-based precision nutrient and irrigation management enhances the physiological performance, water productivity, and yield of soybean under system of crop intensification.

Sensor-based decision tools provide a quick assessment of nutritional and physiological health status of crop, thereby enhancing the crop productivity. Therefore, a 2-year field study was undertaken with precision nutrient and irrigation management under system of crop intensification (SCI) to understand the applicability of sensor-based decision tools in improving the physiological performance, water productivity, and seed yield of soybean crop. The experiment consisted of three irrigation regimes [I1: standard flood irrigation at 50% depletion of available soil moisture (DASM) (FI), I2: sprinkler irrigation at 80% ETC (crop evapo-transpiration) (Spr 80% ETC), and I3: sprinkler irrigation at 60% ETC (Spr 60% ETC)] assigned in main plots, with five precision nutrient management (PNM) practices{PNM1-[SCI protocol], PNM2-[RDF, recommended dose of fertilizer: basal dose incorporated (50% N, full dose of P and K)], PNM3-[RDF: basal dose point placement (BDP) (50% N, full dose of P and K)], PNM4-[75% RDF: BDP (50% N, full dose of P and K)] and PNM5-[50% RDF: BDP (50% N, full P and K)]} assigned in sub-plots using a split-plot design with three replications. The remaining 50% N was top-dressed through SPAD assistance for all the PNM practices. Results showed that the adoption of Spr 80% ETC resulted in an increment of 25.6%, 17.6%, 35.4%, and 17.5% in net-photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), respectively, over FI. Among PNM plots, adoption of PNM3 resulted in a significant (p=0.05) improvement in photosynthetic characters like Pn (15.69 µ mol CO2 m-2 s-1), Tr (7.03 m mol H2O m-2 s-1), Gs (0.175 µmol CO2 mol-1 year-1), and Ci (271.7 mol H2O m2 s-1). Enhancement in SPAD (27% and 30%) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (42% and 52%) values were observed with nitrogen (N) top dressing through SPAD-guided nutrient management, helped enhance crop growth indices, coupled with better dry matter partitioning and interception of sunlight. Canopy temperature depression (CTD) in soybean reduced by 3.09-4.66°C due to adoption of sprinkler irrigation. Likewise, Spr 60% ETc recorded highest irrigation water productivity (1.08 kg ha-1 m-3). However, economic water productivity (27.5 INR ha-1 m-3) and water-use efficiency (7.6 kg ha-1 mm-1 day-1) of soybean got enhanced under Spr 80% ETc over conventional cultivation. Multiple correlation and PCA showed a positive correlation between physiological, growth, and yield parameters of soybean. Concurrently, the adoption of Spr 80% ETC with PNM3 recorded significantly higher grain yield (2.63 t ha-1) and biological yield (8.37 t ha-1) over other combinations. Thus, the performance of SCI protocols under sprinkler irrigation was found to be superior over conventional practices. Hence, integrating SCI with sensor-based precision nutrient and irrigation management could be a viable option for enhancing the crop productivity and enhance the resource-use efficiency in soybean under similar agro-ecological regions.

Profile of dermatology inpatients and admissions over a four year period in a tertiary level government teaching hospital in North India.

BACKGROUND: Although dermatology is mostly an outpatient specialty, some patients with severe skin disease need hospital admission for management. There is a paucity of data regarding the profile of these dermatology in-patient admissions. AIMS: We studied the profile of patients admitted to the dermatology ward of our tertiary care government hospital in North India. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of discharge sheets of patients admitted in the dermatology ward from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017. RESULTS: Discharge sheets of 2032 admissions for 1664 patients were analyzed. The most common diagnoses in the admitted patients were immunobullous disorders (576, 28%), connective tissue diseases (409, 20%), infections, including leprosy and sexually transmitted infections (179, 8.8%), psoriasis (153, 7.5%) and reactive arthritis (92, 4.5%). The mean duration of admission was 13.95±11.67 days (range 1-118 days). Two hundred and fifty-six patients (15.38%) were re-admitted, accounting for 368 (18.11%) re-admissions. Patients with immunobullous disorders (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.29-2.28) and psoriasis (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.02-2.55) were more likely to be re-admitted. Adult patients, those who were admitted for more than four weeks, those who had comorbidities, and those who developed a complication during the hospital stay also had a greater likelihood of being re-admitted. LIMITATIONS: The retrospective design of the study, and the non-availability of data regarding transfers to other specialties or intensive care units and deaths were the main limitations of this study. CONCLUSION: This study describes the profile of patients admitted in a dermatology ward of a tertiary care centre center in North India. The patient profile and admission characteristics associated with a higher probability of re-admission were identified.

Molecular characterization of decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone and genotyping of Neisseria gonorrheae isolates in New Delhi, India.

Data on genetic characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates exhibiting decreased susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in India is deficient. In this study, we have sequenced penA, porB, mtrR and ponA and blaTEM genes in 70 clinical isolates of NG with varying ceftriaxone MICs. Amongst these, 22 (31.4%) were PPNG. Additionally, N. gonorrheae Multiantigen Sequence Typing was performed. Fisher exact and χ2 were used to evaluate significance of mutations with MICs. A total of six non-mosaic penA (Penicillin binding protein 2 [PBP2]) amino acid patterns were seen (II, IV, IX, XII, XIX, XXII) of which, pattern IX was significantly associated with decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone. Other significant associations were noted in porB & mtrR genes. There were no mutations in blaTEM gene. ST6069 was significantly associated with decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone. To conclude, development of decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone in gonococci involves cumulation of different mutations in the four chromosomal genes investigated.

Psychosocial burden of lichen planus pigmentosus is similar to vitiligo, but greater than melasma: A cross-sectional study from a tertiary-care center in north India.

BACKGROUND: Lichen planus pigmentosus can have a negative impact on the quality of life; however, this has not been studied in detail. OBJECTIVES: To study the quality of life in patients with lichen planus pigmentosus and compare it with patients with vitiligo and melasma. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary-care center in north India from January 2018 to May 2019. Patients ≥ 18 years of age with lichen planus pigmentosus (n = 125), vitiligo (n = 113) and melasma (n = 121) completed the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire and answered a global question on the effect of disease on their lives. In addition, patients with vitiligo completed the Vitiligo Impact Scale (VIS)-22 questionnaire, while those with lichen planus pigmentosus and melasma filled a modified version of VIS-22. RESULTS: The mean DLQI scores in patients with lichen planus pigmentosus, vitiligo and melasma were 10.9 ± 5.95, 9.73 ± 6.51 and 8.39 ± 5.92, respectively, the difference being statistically significant only between lichen planus pigmentosus and melasma (P < 0.001). The corresponding mean modified VIS-22/VIS-22 scores were 26.82 ± 11.89, 25.82 ± 14.03 and 18.87 ± 11.84, respectively. This difference was statistically significant between lichen planus pigmentosus and melasma, and between vitiligo and melasma (P < 0.001 for both). As compared to vitiligo, patients with lichen planus pigmentosus had a significantly greater impact on "symptoms and feelings" domain (P < 0.001) on DLQI, and on "social interactions" (P = 0.02) and "depression" (P = 0.04) domains on VIS-22. As compared to melasma, patients with lichen planus pigmentosus had significantly higher scores for "symptoms and feelings," "daily activities," "leisure" and "work and school" domains of DLQI, and all domains of VIS-22. Female gender was more associated with impairment in quality of life in patients with lichen planus pigmentosus, while lower education, marriage, younger age and increasing disease duration showed a directional trend. LIMITATIONS: Use of DLQI and modified version of VIS-22 scales in the absence of a pigmentary disease-specific quality-of-life instrument. CONCLUSION: Patients with lichen planus pigmentosus have a significantly impaired quality of life. The psychosocial burden of lichen planus pigmentosus is quantitatively similar to that of vitiligo, but significantly greater than melasma.

A retrospective case series of 12 patients with chronic reactive arthritis with emphasis on treatment outcome with biologics.

BACKGROUND: Patients with reactive arthritis frequently present to dermatologists. However, there is paucity of information regarding its clinical aspects and management in dermatological literature. OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical features and management of patients with chronic reactive arthritis admitted to the dermatology department of a teaching hospital. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of patients with reactive arthritis admitted to the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India from January 2016 to February 2018. RESULTS: There were 12 males (disease duration 9-180 months). Biologics were used in 9 (75%) patients on 16 different occasions, the most frequent being infliximab (n = 10 times), followed by adalimumab (n = 3), etanercept, secukinumab and itolizumab (n = 1 each), in combination with other systemic agents. Response rate with treatment regimens including biologics (69% responders, 31% partial responders) was statistically significantly better than those without biologics (27% responders, 46% partial responders, 27% nonresponders; P = 0.036), using a composite measure assessing improvement in skin and joint symptoms. Biologics were discontinued on 50% of the occasions, after a median of 3.5 months (range 1.5-7.5 months) because of satisfactory response (n = 4), therapeutic fatigue (n = 3) or adverse event (n = 1). After biologic discontinuation, the response was sustained for a median of 5 months (range 3-6 months) before disease exacerbation. The number of treatment switches increased with the follow-up duration (median three switches per patient, range 1-8). The median follow-up duration was 10.5 months (range 4-76 months). CONCLUSION: Biologics produce rapid improvement in skin and joint symptoms in chronic reactive arthritis, but the response is not long-lasting. Patients with chronic reactive arthritis have a waxing and waning course despite regular treatment. LIMITATIONS: The limitations are retrospective design, small sample size and lack of a validated outcome measure.

Evaluation of platelet-rich plasma on hair regrowth and lesional T-cell cytokine expression in alopecia areata: A randomized observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, split-head pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Platelet-rich plasma has shown some promise in the treatment of alopecia areata. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of platelet-rich plasma on hair regrowth and lesional T-cell cytokine expression in alopecia areata. METHODS: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, split-head study involving 27 patients with alopecia areata (Severity of Alopecia Tool score ≥25%). Alopecia patches on either side of the scalp were randomized to receive 3 intradermal injections of platelet-rich plasma or normal saline at monthly intervals and evaluated 3 months after the last session. Lesional T-cell cytokine messenger RNA expression was compared pre- and posttreatment in the platelet-rich plasma-treated sites. RESULTS: The mean Severity of Alopecia Tool score did not change significantly compared with baseline with either platelet-rich plasma or placebo injections at any visit; however, the mean percentage reduction in the score in the platelet-rich plasma arm was more than in the placebo arm (9.05% ± 36.48% vs 4.99% ± 33.88%; P = .049) at final assessment. The mean interferon gamma (P = .001) and interleukin 17 cytokine (P = .009) messenger RNA expression decreased, whereas the mean interleukin 10 (P = .049) and FOXP3 (P = .011) messenger RNA expression increased significantly after platelet-rich plasma treatment. LIMITATIONS: Small sample size and a relatively short follow-up. CONCLUSION: Platelet-rich plasma was found to have limited efficacy in alopecia areata. However, it may play a role in restoring immune balance in the alopecic patches.

Comparison of efficacy of noncultured hair follicle cell suspension and noncultured epidermal cell suspension in repigmentation of leukotrichia and skin patch in vitiligo: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Vitiligo manifests as hypo- to de-pigmented macules, which are sometimes associated with leukotrichia. For complete cosmetic improvement, the repigmentation of leukotrichia is an important component. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial included patients with stable vitiligo with leukotrichia. Two vitiligo patches in each patient were randomized to receive either of the two procedures. The patients were followed up for 9 months posttransplantation. The efficacy of hair follicle cell suspension (HFCS) with epidermal cell suspension (ECS) in repigmentation of leukotrichia and skin in vitiligo was compared. RESULTS: A total of 20 patients underwent the procedure, and 19 completed the follow-up. The area of the vitiligo patch and the number of leukotrichia in the patches were comparable between the two groups. There was a significant difference in the mean ± S.D. number of cells transplanted between the two groups (5.06 × 105 in HFCS vs. 39.8 × 105 in ECS, P < 0.0001). The percentage viability of cells and proportion of melanocytes were comparable between the two groups. A total of 10 patients in HFCS and eight patients in ECS had repigmentation of leukotrichia. The mean ± S.D. percentages of depigmented hair showing repigmentation at nine months were 7.42 ± 11.62% in HFCS and 11.42 ± 17.90% in ECS (P = 0.4195), whereas the mean ± S.D. percentage repigmentation of vitiligo patches was 61.58 ± 42.68% in HFCS and 78.68 ± 30.03% in ECS (P = 0.1618). CONCLUSIONS: The mean number of cells transplanted in the HFCS group was about eight times less than those in ECS. ECS was better than HFCS in repigmentation of leukotrichia and vitiligo, although the difference was not statistically significant.

Stepwise treatment of primary focal hyperhidrosis with aluminum chloride hexahydrate lotion (20%) and oral glycopyrrolate: a retrospective study from a tertiary care center.

Primary focal hyperhidrosis is a common reason for dermatology outpatient visit and has significant impact on patient's social and professional activities. The study describes the clinical profile of those patients and response with aluminum chloride hexahydrate lotion (ACH 20%) and oral glycopyrrolate (OGP). A retrospective study was carried out at a tertiary care center between the year 2016 and 2018. Details of history, baseline assessment, treatment response recorded in specially designed proformas were analyzed. Initially, the patients received topical ACH daily at night. Non-responders were advised OGP 1 mg BD and increased to 2 mg BD if they did not respond. Response was measured according to patient global assessment and objective evaluation of sweating. Among total 69 patients 57 had onset <10 years of age. There was male preponderance and most common trigger was situations causing anxiety (n = 15). Around 15.3% patients got adequate response with ACH lotion. The cumulative response increased to 45.8% by addition of OGP 1 mg BD and to 55.9% by increasing the dose to 2 mg BD. Addition of OGP to topical ACH increases the treatment efficacy in patients with primary focal hyperhidrosis. Increasing the glycopyrrolate dose augments the response further. However, the current medical treatment options are able to give moderate response.

Recent Progress of Benzimidazole Hybrids for Anticancer Potential.

This review presents the detailed account of factors leading to cancer and design strategy for the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives as anticancer agents. The recent survey for cancer treatment in Cancer facts and figures 2017 American Chemical Society has shown progressive development in fighting cancer. Researchers all over the world in both developed and developing countries are in a continuous effort to tackle this serious concern. Benzimidazole and its derivatives showed a broad range of biological activities due to their resemblance with naturally occurring nitrogenous base i.e. purine. The review discussed benzimidazole derivatives showing anticancer properties through a different mechanism viz. intercalation, alkylating agents, topoisomerases, DHFR enzymes, and tubulin inhibitors. Benzimidazole derivatives act through a different mechanism and the substituents reported from the earlier and recent research articles are prerequisites for the synthesis of targeted based benzimidazole derivatives as anticancer agents. The review focuses on an easy comparison of the substituent essential for potency and selectivity through SAR presented in figures. This will further provide a better outlook or fulfills the challenges faced in the development of novel benzimidazole derivatives as anticancer.

Movement Disorder - A Rare Presentation of Diabetic Ketoacidosis.

ABSTRACT: Diabetic ketoacidosis is a common acute complication of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetic ketoacidosis is known to cause impaired consciousness due to the osmolar and acid base imbalance which in turn cause central nervous system involvement. Here we report a rare presentation of Diabetic ketoacidosis with movement disorder in form of hemichorea and facial tics. The movement disorder improved with treatment of ketosis.

DRESS Syndrome.

Carbamazepine was and still used extensively in clinical practice in varied indications can cause adverse drug reaction shaving diverse clinical manifestations of variable severity. "Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms" (DRESS) syndrome is a severe, potentially life-threatening, acute adverse drug reactions, typically characterized by a long latency period from drug exposure. DRESS syndrome is characterized by the presence of fever, coetaneous eruptions, lymphadenopathy, internal organ involvement (such as hepatitis, carditis, interstitial nephritis, interstitial pneumonitis, etc.) and haematological abnormalities, mainly leucocytosis, eosinophilia and sometimes atypical lymphocytosis. We report a clinical case of DRESS syndrome with liver injury, evaluated with the RegiSCAR scoring system as a "definite case" possibly induced by carbamazepine in a patient.

A Study of the Histopathological Features of Alopecias on Transverse Sections of Scalp Biopsies.

BACKGROUND: Transverse sections of scalp biopsies are performed for the assessment of alopecias and are considered advantageous over vertical sections. AIM: The aim was to study the histopathological features of alopecias on transverse sections of scalp biopsies. METHODS: It was a descriptive study. Clinically confirmed cases of noncicatricial and cicatricial alopecias were subjected to 4 mm scalp biopsies, which were sectioned transversely and analyzed. Biopsies obtained from occipital region of androgenetic alopecia (AGA) cases were taken as controls. RESULTS: Biopsies from 41 cases were assessed, including male and female AGA, alopecia areata (AA), trichotillomania, lichen planopilaris (LPP), discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), and folliculitis decalvans (FD). Normal scalp (control) biopsies showed the median total number of hair follicles of 35 (32-37), anagen:telogen/catagen ratio of 17.5 (16.5-31), and terminal:vellus ratio of 15 (10.7-17.5). In AGA and AA, miniaturization and shift toward telogen and catagen hair were consistently observed. Peribulbar inflammation was seen in two-third of AA. Trichotillomania showed increased catagen hair and numerous pigment casts. In DLE, besides perifollicular inflammation, prominent peri-arrector pili and peri-eccrine inflammation were observed. Type of inflammatory infiltrate was similar in DLE and LPP (lymphocytic), whereas FD showed neutrophilic and plasma cell infiltrate, both around follicles and interstitially. Basal cell damage in the follicles and pigment incontinence were seen in majority of DLE and LPP patients. DLE also showed basement membrane thickening, mucin deposition, and telangiectasia. Reduction/absence of sebaceous glands and perifollicular fibrosis were observed in almost all cicatricial alopecias. CONCLUSION: Transverse sectioning may be a useful tool in the diagnosis of alopecias.

Syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections: A critical appraisal and the road ahead.

The syndromic approach has been the cornerstone of management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in developing countries. This strategy has had a considerable impact in decreasing the burden of STI in society. It offers the advantages of treating the infection at the first visit itself, reducing the risk of complications, non-reliance on laboratory diagnostics, and easy integration into the primary healthcare system. Nonetheless, it is not without limitations, most often criticized for its inability to treat asymptomatic cases. Syndromic management has been found to be satisfactory for genital ulcer disease and urethral discharge in several settings. However, its performance is not as good in the treatment of vaginal discharge syndrome, as it does not allow a distinction between cervicitis and vaginitis. Diagnostic validation and a review of its performance should be done periodically to keep abreast of the changing aetiology of various syndromes and patterns of drug susceptibility. Supplementing the syndromic approach with point-of-care tests and simple laboratory tests where available can improve its results. Further, healthcare professionals should be imparted training for optimum patient care. This narrative review critically appraises the syndromic approach to STIs, discusses the challenges that it faces, and offers suggestions to improve its performance.

Skin typing: Fitzpatrick grading and others.

Skin phototyping refers to a skin classification scheme based on how the skin responds to sun exposure. The Fitzpatrick classification is the most widely accepted method of skin phototyping, based on a person's tendency to sunburn and ability to tan. Apart from estimating the initial therapeutic dose of UV light, skin phototyping is also useful in predicting the risk of photodamage and skin cancer and the outcome of esthetic procedures. Techniques to type the skin objectively have been developed to address the deficiencies associated with the subjective Fitzpatrick classification. Some skin typing systems have been proposed specifically to predict the response of skin to cosmetic procedures such as chemical peeling and laser resurfacing. We discuss the concept of skin type and its relation to skin color, as well as critically appraising the various available methods of skin typing.